Legal Framework for Working in Greece
The regulatory environment for employment in Greece is primarily governed by the Greek Migration Code (Law 5038/2023), which consolidated various residency and labor regulations. Eligibility to work depends significantly on the individual's nationality and the nature of the employment contract. The system distinguishes between citizens of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA), Switzerland, and "Third-Country Nationals" (TCNs).
EU, EEA, and Swiss Citizens
Citizens of EU member states, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland enjoy the right to free movement. They do not require a work permit to be employed or to start a business in Greece. However, if staying for longer than 90 days, they must apply for a Registration Certificate (Blue Card) at the local police station or Aliens Department. This document is formal recognition of their right to reside and work.
Third-Country Nationals
For individuals from outside the EU/EEA, access to the Greek labor market usually requires a specific national visa (Type D) followed by a residence permit that explicitly grants the right to work. Most employment-based permits are subject to "volume of admission" limits set biennially by the Greek government, which determines how many foreign workers are needed in specific regions and sectors.
Work Permit Categories for Third-Country Nationals
Greece offers several residency pathways for non-EU citizens, each with distinct eligibility criteria and administrative requirements.
Standard Employment (Type E1)
This category is for individuals who have a concrete job offer from a Greek employer. The employer must demonstrate that the position cannot be filled by a Greek or EU citizen. The initial entry requires a Type D Visa issued by a Greek Consulate, followed by an application for a residence permit once in Greece.
EU Blue Card (High-Skilled Employment)
The EU Blue Card is designed for highly qualified professionals. To be eligible, applicants must have a higher education degree or equivalent professional experience and a work contract with a minimum duration of six months. The salary must meet a specific threshold, typically 1.5 times the average gross annual salary in Greece.
- Standard Fee: 150 EUR ($158 USD, Jan 2026) for the permit application.
- Validity: Generally up to 2 years, renewable.
Digital Nomad Visa
Introduced to accommodate remote workers, this permit allows TCNs to reside in Greece while working for employers or clients located outside the country. Applicants must provide proof of a stable monthly income of at least 3,500 EUR ($3,680 USD, Jan 2026).
- Visa Fee: 75 EUR ($79 USD, Jan 2026).
- Residence Permit Fee: 1,000 EUR ($1,050 USD, Jan 2026).
Seasonal Work
Specifically for sectors like agriculture, tourism, or construction. These permits are temporary and valid for a maximum of 9 months within any 12-month period. They do not lead to permanent residency.
Application Procedure and Requirements
The transition from a visa holder to a legal worker involves several administrative steps. Accuracy in documentation is critical to avoid processing delays at the Ministry of Migration and Asylum.
Step 1: National Visa (Type D)
Before traveling to Greece, the applicant must apply for a Type D visa at the Greek Consulate in their country of residence. This requires an interview and the submission of a valid passport, a clean criminal record, a medical certificate, and the relevant employment contract or proof of funds.
Step 2: Entry and Biometrics
Upon arrival in Greece, the individual must apply for the residence permit electronically. Following the submission, an appointment is scheduled for the collection of biometric data (fingerprints). A "Blue Paper" (Vevaiosi) is issued upon application, which serves as temporary proof of legal stay while the permit is processed.
Step 3: Tax and Social Security
To legally receive a salary, every worker in Greece must obtain:
- AFM (Arithmos Forologikou Mitroou): A 9-digit tax identification number issued by the Independent Authority for Public Revenue (AADE).
- AMKA (Arithmos Mitroou Koinonikis Asfalisis): A social security number required for health insurance and pension contributions.
For detailed requirements on specific professions and the latest volume of admission updates, visit the official Ministry of Foreign Affairs Visa Portal.
Exceptions and Special Cases
Certain categories are exempt from the standard labor market test, including executives of multinational companies, professional athletes, and members of recognized artistic groups. Additionally, family members of TCNs holding a valid work permit are generally eligible to apply for a family reunification permit, which often grants them independent access to the Greek labor market after a specific period of residence.
